Yahoo知識+
Q: 0的0次方=?
A:
這要視乎情況。例如在數學分析(即是討論lim,微積分等的數學分枝),零的零次方是「Indeterminate form」,要看你計的是甚麼function。而大部分的情況,0^0都可取值為1
但在組合數學,0^0是1。例如根據binomial theorem(不知你的數學程度,這個theorem在中四附加數學有教)
(x+y)^n = sum(k=0 to n) C(n,k) x^k y^(n-k)
設a不等於0, 1=(a+0)^0 = 0!/0! a^0 0^0
因為0!=1, a^0 = 1 ,如果0^0不等於1,這條式便會有錯。
(不知「!」點解可以參考http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8E%E4%B9%98
有關0^0的歷史可以看:
http://www.faqs.org/faqs/sci-math-faq/specialnumbers/0to0/
參考資料:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_product#0_raised_to_the_0th_power
Phy atm question
1 atm=1x10^5 Pa/ 1x10^5 Nm^-2
即一個1m^2的平面受100000N(約10000kg)的壓力
人為何可以抵受?
A:
首先你要明白,壓力和力是不同的。
我聽過的比喻,是:你覺得以下那種情況較痛:
一個很瘦的女士穿高跟鞋用鞋跟踏你
一個比較胖的人穿皮鞋踏你
答案是前者,雖然前者的力較少,但後者受力面積大得多,壓力也較少。
是用針刺你,用拳頭按?你(不是打過來),比較痛?答案是前者,都是同一原理:前者受力面積少,壓力較大。
1 atm這個大氣壓力,相對比針刺,少得多。
不過,我想最重要的原因是:多年在陸上生活,人類的身體已經習慣了,所以沒有不適。
實用的物理書
《牛頓物理駕訓班》
http://www.bookzone.com.tw/event/ws080/index.asp
http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/booksfile.php?item=0010315230
《搞笑學物理》
http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/booksfile.php?item=0010286820
這本書真是非常有趣,連精子運動的原理也有! =_="
要讀明以上兩本書,對Newton's laws(中四physics課程)要有認識。雖然第一本的書開頭會略略提及,但我推薦你讀《觀念物理1》。其實《觀念物理》這套書雖然是教科書性質,但它盡量都會講出它和生活息息相關的一面。就算你在教科書讀過,讀《觀念物理》(整套)都應該會有得?,是非常好的參考書。
觀念物理 I
http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/booksfile.php?item=0010158613
以上的書公共圖書館都有得借。
你可以上網查下邊個館有:
http://libcat.hkpl.gov.hk/webpac_cjk/wgbroker.exe?new+-access+top.main-page
其實不少網站都有實用物理的環節:
物理園-生活物理
http://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/phyworld/articles/index.html
立體電影的原理
http://yaox5d.myweb.hinet.net/pointview/dr-3d.html
物理與生活
http://phlife.7456.net/
科學人雜誌-科學馬戲團
高爾夫球上的小洞有什麼作用?
http://sa.ylib.com/circus/circusshow.asp?FDocNo=447&CL=8
彩虹為什麼是圓的?
http://sa.ylib.com/circus/circusshow.asp?FDocNo=491&CL=8
希望你喜歡讀以上的東西。
這個比較不關你的問題事,但很有趣:
Defying gravity: The uphill roller(自動向上移的物件,拉去中間睇video,你就會好有興趣睇曬成篇文!)
http://plus.maths.org/issue40/features/uphill/index-gifd.html
磁場
要距離地球多遠,才不會受到地球的磁場影響?
兩個天體之間磁場會否互相影響?
A:
1. 要距離地球幾遠先唔會受到地球ge磁場影響?
理論上,離地球多遠都會受地球的磁場影響。
磁性物件之間的力是F = k q_1 q_2 / r^2 (其中q_1 和 q_2是物件的極強pole strength,r是兩者之間的距離,這方程的形式跟萬有引力的G m_1 m_2 / r^2 相近),所以極地球多遠也好,這種力依然存在,只會變得微不足道。
至於以地球的磁場為主的範圍(即是,在某個範圍之內,相較不同星球對該點的磁引力,地球的磁場的影響力是最大,例如,在木星,我們仍會受到地球磁場影響,當然木星本身的磁場影響力是最大),則稱為「磁圈」Magnetosphere。地球的磁圈,在面向太陽的一面的邊界 約為10-12 R (這裏的R表示地球半徑的長度),左右兩面是15 R,至於尾部則拖得非常之長,約200R。
下面是磁圈的圖片
http://space.rice.edu/IMAGE/livefrom/5_magnetosphere.jpg
http://science.nasa.gov/ssl/pad/sppb/edu/magnetosphere/images/mag_sketch.gif
http://www.uta.edu/physics/main/phys_research/space_physics/pic1.jpg
2. 咁兩個星球之間ge磁場會唔會互相影響到呢?
天體的磁場是由天體的電漿(即plasma 離子化氣體ionized gas)、流體(如地心的熔岩)流動而形成的,這些帶電的東西當然會互相吸引或排斥。
地球的磁場不是受到太陽風影響嗎?(注意:太陽風是太陽磁場的「產品」。)
參考資料:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosphere
為什麼地球磁場平均會南北互換?
A:
科學家對「地磁倒轉」沒有定論,有多種說法,我只擇其二解說。
說法一:地球外地核的液態金屬的流動是渾沌的(chaotic motion),有很多擾動(流動方向與「大方向」相異的部分),這些擾動累積下來,便令地磁整個倒轉。所以地磁倒轉的週期頗不規律。
說法二:地球外地核的液態金屬流到內地核。其中一些凝結了並一直沉積,並沒有流回外地核,累積多年,一剎那間像雪崩般暴發了,所以磁場便起了大變化。
參考資料:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_reversal#Causes
http://earth.fg.tp.edu.tw/discuss/view.php?serial=1934
http://www.ufo.org.tw/news/2006/041406-1.htm
Chemistry
http://chemistry.about.com/od/testsquizzes/Chemistry_Tests_Quizzes.htm
Chemistry Tests & Quizzes
- pH of Household Products
- Everyday Chemistry Quiz
- Food Chemistry Quiz
- Bathroom Chemistry Quiz
- Crystal Growing Quiz
- Phases & Phase Changes Quiz
- Metal Quiz
- Rock and Minerals <= Not Recommended. I hadn't seen the name of mineral names besides cinnabar,pyrite and quartz.
Suitable for F.3: -_-
- GED Chemistry Quiz
- Laboratory Safety Quiz
- Compound Names
- Element Atomic Number Quiz
- Element Symbol Matching Quiz
- Chemical, Physical, and Nuclear Changes Quiz (不過有問alpha,beta ,gamma radiation)
- Element Symbol Quiz (有些應該唔識,例如 Y=Yttrium, Cm = Curium, At = Astatine, Th = Rhodium, Tl = Thallium)
- Periodic Table Quiz
---Food & bathroom & Everyday Chemistry
- When you chop onions, your eyes can burn because a chemical reaction produces sulphuric acid.
- Urine tends to have a yellow/amber color. All of the following are names for a yellow pigment found in urine:
- Hydrobilirubin
- Urochrome
- Urohaematin
- aspirin=acetylsalicylic acid.
- Vitamin C = Ascorbic acid.
- Hair gets its (natural) color from melanin.
- A tomato gets its red color from lycopene.
- Hot peppers get their heat from capsaicin.
- Bilirubin is most directly responsible for the brown color of feces.
- http://www.ul.ie/%7Echildsp/CinA/Issue49/qanda.html" target="_new">How do antiperspirants work? (antiperspirant = 止汗劑)
- The chemical known as thimerosol has been used to preserve saline solutions and vaccines. Thimerosol contains mercury. (The compound is being phased out from most childhood vaccinations.)
- BHA and BHT, which are used to keep fats from turning rancid, are two chemicals commonly used as preservatives in food.
- Chocolate and cocoa naturally contain relatively high levels of Cadmium and lead !!!
- Tums , Maalox = 胃藥
- You want some water to wash down the aspirin. If no one has used the faucet for many years , you may want to let it run for several seconds before drinking to purge lead from the plumbing/fixture. (History)
---Rock and Minerals
- Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine .
- Chalcopyrite and bornite are common ores of copper.
- The mineral beryl is a beryllium aluminium cyclosilicate.
- The purple gemstone amethyst is a type of quartz
- sequence of stones is listed in order of increasing hardness: fluorite, quartz, topaz, corundum
- Tourmaline is found over a very wide color range, such that single crystals may be multicolored with different optical and electrical properties at opposite ends of the crystal.
- Orpiment is a compound of arsenic.
- Almandine, hessonite, pyrope, grossular, and demontoid are all types of garnet.
- Rubies and sapphires are both varieties of Corundum
---Others
- Types of Crystal: http://www.chemistry.co.nz/crystal_types.htm
- For some crystals it probably won't matter whether you use tap water, distilled water, or bottled water, but for other crystals water purity is very important.
- When solute B is added to pure solvent A, the vapor pressure of A above the solvent decreases.
- You can grow a seed crystal more easily if you try to grow it on a roughened surface, like a cotton string or a slightly scratched glass.
- Alloys are mixtures of pure metals. The melting point of an alloy is usually lower than the melting points of the pure metals.
- In its simplest form, bronze is an alloy of Copper and Tin.
- The alkali metals have the largest atomic radii in their periods.
- Rust = Fe2O3 * n H2O (So it may say there is no hydrogen =_=")
- What is the difference between ductility and malleability? (source)
- Malleability 可展性; 可鍛性 is the ability to deform easily upon the application of a compressive force: making thin sheet
- Ductility 延性 is doing the same with tensile force: being drawn into wires
Economics, physics, chemistry
Economics:
Chemistry:
- 為何gel 頭用那些mousse有LPG? They are propellant. In room condition, butane and propane are gas. But under great pressure, they are liquid form. When they come out from the container, they change from liquid to gas.
- Why is it not advisable to use zinc-carbon cells in a digital camera? A lot of hydrogen will form around the electrode if the load is heavy. NH4Cl can't remove all hydrogen immediately. Then the cell can't work. (From Chemistry Modern View) Picture
Physics:
- dioptor
- Snell's Window
- Floaters
- In a cloud chamber, the track seen is made up of: water droplets
- When current passes through a solenoid, how will its length and radius change? Consider attraction between current-carrying wires. Radius increases but length decreases.
- Hold two fingers so that there is a narrow slit between them, and look at a light bulb through the slit. What causes the dark lines?
- Why is it impossible to observe things in the order of 10-8 m by devices using visible light? Diffraction
- Why do the far end of a pool filled to a uniform depth appear shallower than the end near the observer at its edge? Diffraction
The last 3 questions are from Physics Vol 2, by Halliday, Resnick, Krane
Regularized Inglish
I found it quite interesting:
Regularized Inglish iz a system ov spelling which lays down definit rules ov pronunciation which wood make it eazier for aull children to lern to read and write. In aull probability it wood lead to a saving ov at least wun year's wurk for aull schoolchildren. It wood aulso contribute very largely towurdz abolition ov the existing amount ov illiteracy and backwardness in reading.
From The English language, David Crystal
數學之美
看書,見到作者寫了一句:「H^2 is the long sought "non-euclidean plane".」看到這句時,覺得有點好笑,因為H^2最初的構造來看,它只是很初階的(普通x,y平面,y>0),要它有"non- euclidean plane"的性質則要輾轉定義一大堆東西。最重要的東西往往觸手可及,卻視而不見。
對我而言,沒有一科比數學更吸引。比起科學,數學不用強求和現實模型符合,也不用做實驗(適合笨手笨腳的人)。也是因為數學這種極有彈性的性質,使得它可說是一項藝術。選擇一個適合的模型來處理二維/三維空間不能展現的結構,好像一個畫家選擇其顏料。從幾何、分析、代數方法中選擇一個來解決問題、建立結構,和一個畫家選擇以不同風格來表現其題材不是同一道理嗎?每幅畫都為不同目的而誕生,可能是畫家或為了餬口,或為表現自然之美,或為宗教,或為紀念;數學也有為相異目的而發展的種種分支,有為消遣的,有為科技應用的,有為尋求宇宙或哲學奧秘的……
一門多傑
The Mother, The Scientist
母親節,不妨看看一個人如果母親是科學家會如何。
最近在讀"What do you care what other people think?" by Richard Feynman,僅讀了幾個故事,其中和書名相同的那個故事是談Feynman和他首任太太的,很有趣。
那和上面那個網頁有甚麼關係呢?那個網頁講的是Richard Feynman的妹妹Joan Feynman,也是物理學家。Richard在書內提到他妹妹總是找地方超越他,例如IQ test比他高一分就沾沾自喜、寫封中文信欺負他。
和一個這樣有名的人有密切關係,有兩大壞處。首先,容易比下去;其次,普通人提到自己的名字時,十之八九是因那位名人而起。但如果這個有名的人不是沽名釣譽,有個很大的好處是,可以在他身上學懂不少東西。
我又想到另一對有名的兄妹,數學家André Weil和哲學家Simone Weil。Simone Weil曾說,覺得自己的天資不如哥哥,唯有想辦法從其他地方突破,結果她在社會運動的表現,令她成為比哥哥著名的人。說回Joan。Richard曾說他父親在Richard出生前曾說:「如果那是男孩,他一定會成為科學家。」Joan知道了不服氣,證明了女性也可讀科學,成為科學家。
一門多傑,不止是遺傳因素,也有心理因素。
經濟學
想用經濟學分析人與人的關係,但大家既是供應者又是需求者,太混亂太難。想到少許「朋友的經濟學」,因為突然想到這一年對友情的需要似乎大增。
- Substitute: 家人和自己在家的時間減少=>家人能提供的支持減少=>「Equilibrium point」向左上移
- Preference: 較 "o岩 key"
現在所學的真的很缺乏。例如,無教怎樣和不同的substitutes之間取平衡(雖然買百事的很少同時買Coke,但補甲補習社的人可能會同時補乙)。好似還有漫漫長路要走。
Econ作為社會科學,它有恆河沙數的理論,有些還「互相矛盾」。據說CE是不可以用AL課程的理論,因為後者有些部分會推翻CE的課程理論。但我今晚想到的是,這可能是不同處境的問題。正如物理定律的應用也有許多變化,從運動的物件的本質來看,質點、剛體、流體、顆粒體都不同計法;從時間來看,接近光速和遠低於光速也有不少差異。其實它們的原理是「相容」的,只是計算為了方便而有所不同。也許Econ也是一樣。
看來有點矛盾才是真實的世界。數學許多部分太理想化了。
我是個理想化的人,提出的意念,通常都不能實行,因為不夠大眾化,因為太天馬行空,因為……
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